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1 умерять свой энтузиазм
1) General subject: temper enthusiasm, moderate enthusiasmУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > умерять свой энтузиазм
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2 умерять свой пыл
1) General subject: moderate enthusiasm -
3 moderare
moderate* * *moderare v.tr.1 to moderate, to curb, to check; (mitigare) to mitigate: modera la tua ira, curb your anger; dovrebbe moderare il suo entusiasmo, he ought to moderate his enthusiasm; moderare l'impazienza, to curb one's impatience; moderare il tono di voce, to moderate the tone of one's voice // per favore, modera le parole!, please, mind (o watch) your language! // moderare un dibattito, to chair a debate2 (contenere) to control, to regulate, to reduce, to curb, to check: moderare i prezzi, to regulate prices; moderare le spese, to cut down expenses; moderare la velocità, to reduce speed (o to slow down)3 (rar.) (governare) to govern.◘ moderarsi v.rifl. to moderate oneself; (frenare la propria collera) to keep one's temper: moderare nel mangiare, nel bere, to eat, to drink moderately.* * *[mode'rare]1. vt(gen) to moderate, curb2. vr (moderarsi)to restrain o.s.moderarsi nel mangiare/nelle spese — to control one's eating/one's spending
* * *[mode'rare] 1.verbo transitivo to moderate, to curb [ambizione, desideri]; to moderate, to temper [ entusiasmo]; to lower [ tono]; to reduce, to limit [ velocità]2.modera i termini, per favore! — watch your language, please!
* * *moderare/mode'rare/ [1]to moderate, to curb [ambizione, desideri]; to moderate, to temper [ entusiasmo]; to lower [ tono]; to reduce, to limit [ velocità]; modera i termini, per favore! watch your language, please!II moderarsi verbo pronominaleto moderate oneself, to limit oneself, to control oneself; - rsi nel bere to drink with moderation. -
4 dempe
lower, moderate, blende ned dim* * *verb. (formelt) dampen, moderate, reduce, diminish, tone down, decrease, lessen (f.eks.curb imports or curb one's enthusiasm
) verb. (formelt) curb (f.eks.curb imports or curb one's enthusiasm
) verb. (musikk) [ et instrument] mute verb. [ minske] damp, damp down verb. [ moderere] moderate (f.eks. ) verb. [ moderere] mitigate (f.eks. ) verb. [ tone ned] tone down verb. [ holde igen på] put the brake on (f.eks.put the brake on public expenditure or against rising prices
) verb. [om følelser o.l.] subdue (f.eks.subdue one's fears or passions
) verb. [ undertrykke] suppress verb. [ mildne] cushion, soften, damp down verb. [ lyd] muffle, deaden, mute verb. [ forminske] lessen, subdue, moderate, damp -
5 умеренный
1. frugal2. conservative3. spering4. abstemious5. abstemiously6. abstinent7. moderately8. sparely9. sparingly10. temperate11. temperately12. moderate; temperate13. medium14. reasonableумеренная цена; доступная цена — reasonable price
15. sober16. sparingСинонимический ряд:ослабленный (прил.) амортизированный; ослабленный; смягченный -
6 bremsen
I v/i1. brake, apply ( oder put on) the brakes; scharf bremsen brake sharply; ich bremse auch für Tiere (Autoaufkleber) I slow down for horses ( oder animals)2. (hemmend wirken) act as a brake, slow things down; der Gegenwind bremst enorm the headwind slows it, me etc. down considerably3. umg., fig. Person: (sich zurückhalten) slow down, ease up; (sich einschränken) cut down on things; mit etw. bremsen cut down on s.th.; du musst mit dem Essen / Trinken etwas bremsen you’ll have to cut down (on) your eating / drinking a bitII v/t1. (Auto, Zug) brake; (Fall) cushion; der Fallschirm bremst deinen Fall the parachute will cushion your fall2. fig. check, curb; (verlangsamen) slow down; (Entwicklung, Produktion, Vorgang) restrict, limit; jemandes Begeisterung bremsen dampen s.o.’s enthusiasm3. umg.: jemanden bremsen slow s.o. down; (zurückhalten) hold s.o. back; er war nicht zu bremsen there was no holding him (back), sie ist nicht zu bremsen there’s no stopping her* * *to brake; to apply the brakes; to slow down; to halt* * *brẹm|sen ['brɛmzn]1. vi1) (Fahrer, Auto) to brake; (Vorrichtung) to function as a brakeder Dynamo bremst — the dynamo acts as a brake
der Wind bremst — the wind slows you etc down
2) (inf = zurückstecken) to ease off, to put on the brakes (inf)mit etw bremsen — to cut down (on) sth
2. vt1) Fahrzeug to brake2) (fig) to restrict, to limit; Entwicklung to slow down; Begeisterung to dampen; (inf ) jdn to checker ist nicht zu bremsen (inf) — there's no stopping him
3. vr (inf)ich kann or werd mich bremsen — not likely!, no fear!
* * *(to slow down or stop: He braked (the car) suddenly.) brake* * *brem·sen[ˈbrɛmzn̩]I. vi1. (die Bremse betätigen) to brake, to put on [or apply] the brakes2. (abbremsen) to brake\bremsend wirken to act as a brake; (von Wind) to slow sb/sth downmit den Ausgaben \bremsen müssen to have to curtail expensesII. vt▪ etw \bremsen to brake sth2. (verzögern)▪ jdn \bremsen to check sbsie ist nicht zu \bremsen (fam) there's no holding [or stopping] herIII. vr* * *1.intransitives Verb brake2.transitives Verb1) brake; (um zu halten) stop3.jemanden bremsen — (ugs.) stop somebody
* * *A. v/i1. brake, apply ( oder put on) the brakes;scharf bremsen brake sharply;2. (hemmend wirken) act as a brake, slow things down;der Gegenwind bremst enorm the headwind slows it, me etc down considerablymit etwas bremsen cut down on sth;du musst mit dem Essen/Trinken etwas bremsen you’ll have to cut down (on) your eating/drinking a bitB. v/tder Fallschirm bremst deinen Fall the parachute will cushion your falljemandes Begeisterung bremsen dampen sb’s enthusiasm3. umg:jemanden bremsen slow sb down; (zurückhalten) hold sb back;er war nicht zu bremsen there was no holding him (back),sie ist nicht zu bremsen there’s no stopping herC. v/r:sich bremsen restrain o.s., hold (o.s.) back (in +dat from)* * *1.intransitives Verb brake2.transitives Verb1) brake; (um zu halten) stop2) (fig.) slow down <rate, development, production, etc.>; restrict <imports etc.>3.jemanden bremsen — (ugs.) stop somebody
reflexives Verb (ugs.) stop oneself; hold oneself back* * *v.to brake v.to retard v. -
7 dæmpe
1ослабля́ть; глуши́ть* * *allay, appease, dampen, damp down, deaden, dim, ease, lower, muffle, quell, quieten, soften* * *vb( holde igen på) put the brake on ( fx public expenditure; against rising prices),F curb ( fx imports; one's enthusiasm),( mindske) damp (down),F moderate ( fx his enthusiasm), mitigate ( fx his anger),( betvinge) subdue ( fx one's fears, passions);( lyd) muffle, deaden;( et instrument) mute;( sejl) spill;[ dæmpe ilden] damp down the fire;[ dæmpet lys] subdued light;[ dæmpet musik] soft music;[ dæmpede skridt] soft footsteps;[ med dæmpet stemme] in a low voice, in an undertone, under one's breath. -
8 grand
grand, e [gʀɑ̃, gʀɑ̃d]1. adjectivea. ( = de haute taille) tall• quand il sera grand [enfant] when he grows up• tu es grand/grande maintenant you're a big boy/girl nowd. (en nombre, en quantité) [vitesse, poids, valeur, puissance] great ; [nombre, quantité] large ; [famille] large, bige. ( = intense) [bruit, cri] loud ; [froid, chaleur] intense ; [vent] strong ; [danger, plaisir, pauvreté] greatf. ( = riche, puissant) [pays, firme, banquier, industriel] leadingg. ( = important) great ; [ville, travail] big• je t'annonce une grande nouvelle ! I've got some great news!h. ( = principal) main• la grande difficulté consiste à... the main difficulty lies in...i. (intensif) [travailleur, collectionneur, ami, rêveur] great ; [buveur, fumeur] heavy ; [mangeur] bigj. ( = remarquable) greatk. ( = de gala) [réception, dîner] grandl. ( = noble) [âme] noble ; [pensée, principe] loftym. ( = exagéré) faire de grandes phrases to voice high-flown sentimentsn. ( = beaucoup de) cela te fera (le plus) grand bien it'll do you the world of good• grand bien vous fasse ! much good may it do you!2. adverb3. masculine nouna. ( = élève) senior boyb. (terme d'affection) viens, mon grand come here, sonc. ( = personne puissante) les grands de ce monde men in high places4. feminine nouna. ( = élève) senior girl5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The grandes écoles are competitive-entrance higher education establishments where engineering, business administration and other subjects are taught to a very high standard. The most prestigious include « l'École Polytechnique » (engineering), the three « Écoles normales supérieures » (arts and sciences), « l'ÉNA » (the civil service college), and « HEC » (business administration).Pupils prepare for entrance to the grandes écoles after their « baccalauréat » in two years of « classes préparatoires ». → CLASSES PRÉPARATOIRES CONCOURS ÉCOLE NATIONALE D'ADMINISTRATION* * *
1.
grande gʀɑ̃, gʀɑ̃d adjectif1) ( de dimensions importantes) ( en hauteur) tall; (en longueur, durée) long; ( en largeur) wide; (en étendue, volume) big2) (nombreux, abondant) large, biglaver à grande eau — to wash [something] in plenty of running water [légumes]; to wash [something] down [sol]
3) ( à un degré élevé) [rêveur, collectionneur, ami] great; [tricheur, joueur] big; [buveur, fumeur] heavy4) ( important) [découverte, expédition, nouvelle] great; [date] important; [rôle] major; [problème, décision] bigla grande majorité — the great ou vast majority
5) ( principal) main6) ( de premier plan) [société, marque] leading7) (brillant, remarquable) [peintre, vin, cause] great; [cœur, âme] nobleLouis le Grand — Louis the Great; esprit
les grandes classes — École the senior forms GB, the upper classes US
9) ( qualifiant une mesure) [hauteur, longueur, distance, valeur] great; [pointure, quantité, étendue] large; [vitesse] high10) (extrême, fort) [bonté, amitié, danger, intérêt] great; [bruit] loud; [froid] severe; [chaleur] intense; [vent] strong, high; [tempête] big, violentà grands cris — loudly; cas, remède
11) ( de rang social élevé) [famille, nom] great12) ( grandiose) [réception, projet] grand13) ( emphatique) [mot] big; [phrase] high-soundinget voilà, tout de suite les grands mots — there you go, straight off the deep end
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adverbe wideouvrir grand ses oreilles — fig to prick up one's ears
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nom masculinles cinq grands — Politique the Big Five
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en grand locution adverbialePhrasal Verbs:* * *ɡʀɑ̃, ɡʀɑ̃d grand, -e1. adj1) (= de haute taille) tallIl est grand pour son âge. — He's tall for his age.
2) (= aîné)C'est sa grande sœur. — She's his big sister.
3) (= adulte)Il est assez grand pour... — He's old enough to...
4) (= gros, vaste, large) big, large5) (importance, stature) greatC'est un grand ami à moi. — He's a great friend of mine.
les grandes lignes CHEMINS DE FER — the main lines
6) (ampleur, degré)les grands blessés; Les grands blessés ont été emmenés à l'hôpital en hélicoptère. — The severely injured were taken to hospital by helicopter.
7) (intensif)Ça te fera beaucoup de bien d'être au grand air. — It'll be very good for you to be out in the open air.
2. adv3. nm/f1) (= élève, enfant) big boy, big girlIl est chez les grands maintenant. — He's in the senior school now.
C'est une grande, elle peut y aller seule. — She's a big girl now, she can go on her own.
2) (= personnage)4. nm* * *A adj1 ( de dimensions importantes) ( en hauteur) [personne, arbre, tour, cierge] tall; (en longueur, durée) [bras, enjambée, promenade, voyage] long; ( en largeur) [angle, marge] wide; (en étendue, volume) [lac, ville, salle, trou, édifice, paquet] large, big; [tas, feu] big; ( démesuré) [pied, nez, bouche] big; un homme (très) grand a (very) tall man; un grand homme brun, un homme grand et brun a tall dark man; plus grand que nature larger than life; ouvrir de grands yeux to open one's eyes wide;2 (nombreux, abondant) [famille, foule] large, big; [fortune] large; grande braderie big sale; pas grand monde not many people; faire de grandes dépenses to spend a lot of money; il fait grand jour it's broad daylight; laver à grande eau to wash [sth] in plenty of running water [légumes]; to wash [sth] down [sol]; à grand renfort de publicité with much publicity;3 ( à un degré élevé) [rêveur, collectionneur, travailleur, ami, ennemi, pécheur] great; [tricheur, joueur, lâcheur, idiot] big; [buveur, fumeur] heavy; grand amateur de ballet great ballet lover; c'est un grand timide he's very shy; les grands malades very sick people; c'est un grand cardiaque he has a serious heart condition;4 ( important) [découverte, migration, expédition, événement, nouvelle, honneur] great; [date] important; [rôle] major; [problème, décision] big; ( principal) main; c'est un grand jour pour elle it's a big day for her; une grande partie de la maison a large part of the house; une grande partie des habitants many of the inhabitants; la grande majorité the great ou vast majority; ⇒ scène;5 ( principal) main; le grand escalier the main staircase; le grand problème/obstacle the main ou major problem/obstacle; les grands axes routiers the main ou trunk GB roads; les grands points du discours the main points of the speech; les grandes lignes d'une politique the broad lines of a policy;6 ( de premier plan) Écon, Pol [pays, société, industriel, marque] leading; les grandes industries the big industries;7 (brillant, remarquable) [peintre, œuvre, civilisation, vin, cause] great; [cœur, âme] noble; c'est un grand homme he's a great man; les grands écrivains great authors; un grand nom de la musique a great musician; un grand monsieur du théâtre a great gentleman of the stage; Louis/Pierre le Grand Louis/Peter the Great; les grands noms du cinéma/de la littérature indienne the big names of the cinema/of Indian literature; de grande classe [produit] high-class; [exploit] admirable; ⇒ esprit;8 ( âgé) [frère, sœur] elder; [élève] senior GB, older; ( adulte) grown-up; mon grand frère my elder brother; les grandes classes Scol the senior forms GB, the upper classes US; quand il sera grand when he grows up; mes enfants sont grands my children are quite old; une grande fille comme toi! a big girl like you!; 12 ans! tu es assez grand pour te débrouiller 12 years old! you're old enough to cope;9 ( qualifiant une mesure) [hauteur, longueur, distance, poids, valeur, âge] great; [dimensions, taille, pointure, quantité, nombre, étendue] large; [vitesse] high; [kilomètre, mois, heure] good; il est grand temps que tu partes it's high time you were off ou you went;10 (intense, extrême, fort) [bonté, lâcheté, pauvreté, amitié, chagrin, faim, danger, différence, intérêt] great; [bruit] great, loud; [froid] severe; [chaleur] intense; [vent] strong, high; [tempête] big, violent; avec grand plaisir with great ou much pleasure; dans le plus grand secret in great secrecy; d'une grande bêtise/timidité very ou extremely stupid/shy; à ma grande honte/surprise much to my shame/surprise; sans grand espoir/enthousiasme without much hope/enthusiasm; sans grande importance not very important; il n'y a pas grand mal à cela/à faire there isn't much harm in that/in doing; avoir grand faim/soif to be very hungry/thirsty; avoir grand besoin de to be badly in need of; ça te ferait le plus grand bien it would do you a world of good; à grands cris loudly; ⇒ cas, remède;11 ( de rang social élevé) [famille, nom] great; grande dame great lady; la grande bourgeoisie the upper middle class;12 ( grandiose) [réception] grand; grands projets grand designs; avoir grande allure, avoir grand air to look very impressive;13 ( emphatique) [mot] big; [phrase] high-sounding; un grand merci a big thank you; faire de grands gestes to wave one's arms about; et voilà, tout de suite les grands mots there you go, straight off the deep end.B nm,f1 ( enfant) big boy/girl; Scol senior GB ou older pupil; il a fait ça tout seul comme un grand he did it all by himself like a big boy; il fait le ménage comme un grand he does the housework like a grown-up; pour les grands et les petits for old and young alike;C adv wide; ouvrir grand la bouche to open one's mouth wide; ouvrir tout grand les bras to throw one's arms open; les fenêtres sont grand(es) ouvertes the windows are wide open; ouvrir la porte toute grande to open the door wide; ouvrir grand ses oreilles fig to prick up one's ears; ouvrir tout grand son cœur fig to open one's heart; les bottes chaussent grand the boots are large-fitting; leurs vêtements taillent grand their clothes are cut on the large side; voir grand fig to think big.D nm ( pays) big power; ( entreprise) leader, big name; les grands de ce monde the great and the good; Pol the world's leaders; les cinq grands Pol the Big Five; les grands de l'automobile the top car manufacturers; c'est un grand de la publicité he's big in advertising.E en grand loc adv [ouvrir] wide, completely; faire de l'élevage en grand to breed animals on a large scale; quand ils reçoivent, ils font les choses en grand when they entertain they do things on the grand scale or they really go to town○.grand argentier Hist royal treasurer; hum keeper of the nation's purse, Finance minister; le grand art alchemy; grand banditisme organized crime; grand bassin ( de piscine) main pool; Anat upper pelvis; grand cacatois main royal sail; grand caniche standard poodle; le grand capital Écon big money, big investors pl; grand commis de l'État top civil servant; grand coq de bruyère capercaillie; grand corbeau raven; grand couturier couturier; grand débutant absolute beginner; grand duc Zool eagle owl; grand écart Danse, Sport splits (sg); faire le grand écart to do the splits; le grand écran the big screen; grand électeur ( en France) elector who votes in the elections for the French Senate; ( aux États-Unis) presidential elector; grand ensemble high-density housing complex; la vie dans les grands ensembles high-rise living; grand d'Espagne Spanish grandee; grand foc outer jib; grand frais Météo moderate gale; grand hunier main topsail; grand hunier fixe lower main topsail; grand hunier volant upper main topsail; grand invalide civil, GIC civilian who is registered severely disabled; grand invalide de guerre, GIG Prot Soc ex-serviceman who is registered severely disabled; le grand large Naut the high seas (pl); grand magasin Comm department store; grand maître ( aux échecs) grand master; grand maître de l'ordre des Templiers Hist Grand Master of the Knights Templar; grand mât Naut mainmast; le grand monde high society; le Grand Nord Géog the Far North; Grand Œuvre Great Work; grand officier de la Légion d'Honneur high-ranking officer of the Legion of HonourGB; le Grand Orient the Grand Lodge of France; grand panda giant panda; Grand Pardon Day of Atonement; grand patron Méd senior consultant GB, head doctor US; grand perroquet Naut main topgallant sail; grand prêtre Relig, fig high priest; grand prix Courses Aut, Sport grand prix; le grand public the general public; Comm produit grand public consumer product; grand quart Naut six-hour watch; Grand quartier général, GQG Mil General Headquarters, GHQ; grand quotidien Presse big national daily; grand roque Jeux ( aux échecs) castling long; le Grand Siècle Hist the 17th century (in France); grand teint colourfastGB; grand tétras capercaillie; grand tourisme Courses Aut, Aut GT, gran turismo; le Grand Turc the Sultan; grand veneur Chasse master of the hounds; grande Armée Hist Grande Armée (Napoleon's army); grande Baie Australienne Géog Great Australian Bight; la grande banlieue the outer suburbs (pl); Grande Barrière (de Corail) Géog Great Barrier Reef; la grande bleue the sea; la grande cuisine Culin haute cuisine; grande distribution Écon volume retailing; grand école higher education institution; la Grande Guerre Hist the First World War; grande gueule○ loud mouth○; grande hune Naut maintop; la grande muette the army; la grande muraille de Chine Géog the Great Wall of China; grande personne grown-up, adult; la grande presse Presse the popular dailies (pl); grande puissance Pol superpower; grande roue ( de foire) big wheel GB, Ferris wheel US; grande série Comm mass production; fabriqué en grande série mass-produced; grande surface Comm supermarket; grandes eaux fountains; fig ( pleurs) waterworks; dès qu'on la gronde, ce sont les grandes eaux the minute you tell her off, she turns on the waterworks; grandes lignes Rail main train routes; grandes marées spring tides; grandes ondes Radio long wave (sg); Grandes Plaines Géog Great Plains; les grands blessés the seriously injured; grands corps de l'État Admin senior branches of the civil service; grands espaces Écol open spaces; grands fauves Zool big cats; grands fonds Naut ocean depths; les grands froids the cold of winter; Grands Lacs Géog Great Lakes; grands singes Zool great apes; ⇒ école, voyage.ⓘ Grande école A prestigious third-level institution where admission is usually by competitive entrance examination or concours. Places are much sought after as they are widely considered to guarantee more promising career prospects than the standard university institutions. Many grandes écoles specialize in particular disciplines or fields of study, e.g. ENA, Sciences Po, etc.( féminin grande) [grɑ̃, grɑ̃d] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [grɑ̃t]) adjectifA.[ASPECT QUANTITATIF]grand A/B/C capital A/B/Cune grande tour a high ou tall towerun grand fleuve a long ou big riveravoir de grands pieds to have big ou large feetmarcher à grands pas to walk with great ou long strides3. [d'un certain âge - être humain] big[aîné - frère, sœur] big4. [qui dure longtemps] long5. [intense, considérable] greatpendant les grandes chaleurs in high summer, in ou at the height of summerun grand incendie a major ou great firela grande majorité de the great ou vast majority ofils plongent à une grande profondeur they dive very deep ou to a great depth7. [entier]elle m'a fait attendre une grande heure/semaine she made me wait a good hour/a good week9. GÉOGRAPHIE10. ZOOLOGIEB.[ASPECT QUALITATIF]les grands problèmes de notre temps the main ou major ou key issues of our timece sont de grands amis they're great ou very good friendsles grands blessés/brûlés/invalides the seriously wounded/burned/disabled3. [puissant, influent - banque] top ; [ - industriel] top, leading, major ; [ - propriétaire, famille] important ; [ - personnage] great4. [dans une hiérarchie]les grands dignitaires du régime the leading ou important dignitaries of the regime5. [noble]avoir grand air ou grande allure to carry oneself well, to be imposing6. [généralementéreux]il a un grand cœur he's big-hearted, he has a big heart7. [exagéré] biggrands mots high-sounding words, high-flown language8. [fameux, reconnu] greatun grand journaliste a great ou top journalistil ne descend que dans les grands hôtels he only stays in the best hotels ou the most luxurious hotelsle grand film de la soirée tonight's big ou feature filmles grandes dates de l'histoire de France the great ou most significant dates in French history9. HISTOIRE10. [omnipotent, suprême] greatC.[EN INTENSIF]sans grand enthousiasme/intérêt without much enthusiasm/interestsa grande fierté, c'est son jardin he's very proud of ou he takes great pride in his gardenun grand merci à ta sœur lots of thanks to ou a big thank you to your sistercette cuisine a grand besoin d'être nettoyée this kitchen really needs ou is in dire need of a cleantoute la famille au grand complet the whole family, every single member of the familyjamais, au grand jamais je n'accepterai never in a million years will I acceptà sa grande surprise much to his surprise, to his great surprise————————, grande [grɑ̃, grɑ̃d] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [grɑ̃t]) nom masculin, nom féminin1. [enfant - d'un certain âge][en appellatif]merci mon grand! thanks, son!allons, ma grande, ne pleure pas! come on now, love, don't cry!comme un grand: je me débrouillerai tout seul, comme un grand/toute seule, comme une grande I'll manage on my own, like a big boy/a big girl[en appellatif]alors, ma grande, tu as pu te reposer un peu? well dear, did you manage to get some rest?[personne de grande taille]pour la photo, les grands se mettront derrière for the photo, tall people ou the taller people will stand at the back————————adverbe1. [vêtement]2. (locution)3. [largement]4. ART————————nom masculin1. PHILOSOPHIE → link=infiniment infiniment2. [entrepreneur, industriel]les grands de l'automobile the major ou leading car manufacturers————————grands nom masculin plurielÉCONOMIE & POLITIQUEles grands [les puissants] the rich (and powerful)les grands de ce monde the people in (positions of) power ou in high places————————en grand locution adverbiale[complètement] on a large scaleil faut aérer la maison en grand the house needs a thorough ou good airinggrande école nom féminingrand ensemble nom masculingrande surface nom fémininThe grandes écoles are relatively small and highly respected higher education establishments. Admission is usually only possible after two years of intensive preparatory studies and a competitive entrance examination. Most have close links with industry. The grandes écoles include l'École des hautes études commerciales or HEC (management and business), l'École polytechnique or l'X (engineering) and l'École normale supérieure (teacher training). -
9 umiarkowany
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10 сдержанный
1) General subject: brittle, button down, button-down, buttoned down, buttoned up, chary, chaste, checked, close, close lipped, close mouthed, close tongued, close-lipped, close-mouthed, close-tongued, collected, composed, contained, continent, continent (в словах, поступках), decent, demure, discreet, distant, dry, forbearing, frozen, guarded, inaccessible, incommunicative, inhibited, insular, low key, low profile, low-key, low-profile (о позиции, поведении), measured (о речи), mim, moderate, modest, prudent, qualified, quiet, repressed, reserved, restrained, reticent, retiring, sedate, self composed, self contained, self restrained, self-composed, self-contained, self-restrained, sober minded, sober-minded, sobersided (слишком), stand off, stand offish, stand-off, stand-offish, strange, suppressed, tempered, tight (в обращении), unaffectionate, unbroken (об обещании и т. п.), undemonstrative, unenthusiastic (о приеме), unexpansive, unsociable, muted (lacking enthusiasm), understated (о вещах, напр. an understated suit - подчеркнуто скромный, но элегантный костюм), minimalistic, bottled up, curt, cold-minded2) American: preppy3) Diplomatic term: soft4) Psychology: self-collected5) Business: dominated7) Makarov: frosted, incommunicable, indrawn, lean (о стиле, слоге), temperate, unbending, undemonstrative (о человеке, чувствах и т.п.)8) Idiomatic expression: as cool as cucumber -
11 ostudzać
impf ⇒ ostudzić* * ** * *ipf.ostudzić pf.1. (= obniżać temperaturę) cool down, chill.2. (= uspokajać) quieten, appease, chill; ostudzić czyjś zapał damp down l. dampen sb's spirit l. zeal l. enthusiasm, put a damper on sth; (nadzieje, plany) pour l. throw water on sth; (uczucia, stosunki) cool off, damp down, moderate.pf.1. (= obniżyć swoją temperaturę) cool, chill.2. (= uspokoić się, ochłonąć) calm down, settle, quieten down.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > ostudzać
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12 tempérer
tempérer [tɑ̃peʀe]➭ TABLE 6 transitive verb[+ froid, rigueur du climat] to temper ; [+ peine, douleur] to ease* * *tɑ̃peʀeverbe transitif gén to tempertempérer ses ardeurs — to cool one's ardour [BrE]
* * *tɑ̃peʀe vt* * *1 ( adoucir) to temper [chaleur, froid];2 ( modérer) to temper [fougue, enthousiasme, critique]; to moderate [argument]; tempérer ses ardeurs to cool one's ardourGB.[tɑ̃pere] verbe transitif2. [atténuer - colère] to soften, to appease ; [ - ardeurs, passion, sévérité] to soften, to temper (soutenu)tempère ton enthousiasme, je n'ai pas encore dit oui don't get carried away, I haven't said yes yet————————se tempérer verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)————————se tempérer de verbe pronominal plus prépositionto be softened ou tempered with -
13 annacquare
water down* * *annacquare v.tr.1 to water, to dilute2 (fig.) to moderate, to mitigate; to dilute: annacquò il suo entusiasmo, he moderated his enthusiasm.* * *[annak'kware]verbo transitivo1) (diluire con acqua) to water down, to dilute [ bevanda]* * *annacquare/annak'kware/ [1]1 (diluire con acqua) to water down, to dilute [ bevanda] -
14 Pasteur, Louis
[br]b. 27 December 1822 Dole, Franced. 28 September 1895 Paris, France[br]French chemist, founder of stereochemistry, developer of microbiology and immunology, and exponent of the germ theory of disease.[br]Sustained by the family tanning business in Dole, near the Swiss border, Pasteur's school career was undistinguished, sufficing to gain him entry into the teacher-training college in Paris, the Ecole Normale, There the chemical lectures by the great organic chemist J.B.A.Dumas (1800–84) fired Pasteur's enthusiasm for chemistry which never left him. Pasteur's first research, carried out at the Ecole, was into tartaric acid and resulted in the discovery of its two optically active forms resulting from dissymmetrical forms of their molecules. This led to the development of stereochemistry. Next, an interest in alcoholic fermentation, first as Professor of Chemistry at Lille University in 1854 and then back at the Ecole from 1857, led him to deny the possibility of spontaneous generation of animal life. Doubt had previously been cast on this, but it was Pasteur's classic research that finally established that the putrefaction of broth or the fermentation of sugar could not occur spontaneously in sterile conditions, and could only be caused by airborne micro-organisms. As a result, he introduced pasteurization or brief, moderate heating to kill pathogens in milk, wine and other foods. The suppuration of wounds was regarded as a similar process, leading Lister to apply Pasteur's principles to revolutionize surgery. In 1860, Pasteur himself decided to turn to medical research. His first study again had important industrial implications, for the silk industry was badly affected by diseases of the silkworm. After prolonged and careful investigation, Pasteur found ways of dealing with the two main infections. In 1868, however, he had a stroke, which prevented him from active carrying out experimentation and restricted him to directing research, which actually was more congenial to him. Success with disease in larger animals came slowly. In 1879 he observed that a chicken treated with a weakened culture of chicken-cholera bacillus would not develop symptoms of the disease when treated with an active culture. He compared this result with Jenner's vaccination against smallpox and decided to search for a vaccine against the cattle disease anthrax. In May 1881 he staged a demonstration which clearly showed the success of his new vaccine. Pasteur's next success, finding a vaccine which could protect against and treat rabies, made him world famous, especially after a person was cured in 1885. In recognition of his work, the Pasteur Institute was set up in Paris by public subscription and opened in 1888. Pasteur's genius transcended the boundaries between science, medicine and technology, and his achievements have had significant consequences for all three fields.[br]BibliographyPasteur published over 500 books, monographs and scientific papers, reproduced in the magnificent Oeuvres de Pasteur, 1922–39, ed. Pasteur Vallery-Radot, 7 vols, Paris.Further ReadingP.Vallery-Radot, 1900, La vie de Louis Pasteur, Paris: Hachette; 1958, Louis Pasteur. A Great Life in Brief, English trans., New York (the standard biography).E.Duclaux, 1896, Pasteur: Histoire d ' un esprit, Paris; 1920, English trans., Philadelphia (perceptive on the development of Pasteur's thought in relation to contemporary science).R.Dobos, 1950, Louis Pasteur, Free Lance of Science, Boston, Mass.; 1955, French trans.LRD
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